LIFE
TRADING CULTURE AND CURRENCY
With the successful creation of a new orthographic system by the Board of Regents, it was time to introduce the alphabet to the public. On January 19, 1854, the Deseret News unveiled the characters in an article titled “The New Alphabet.”
For the system to achieve wider adoption, however, printers needed access to type cast in the Deseret Alphabet. Early attempts to produce the type locally were unsuccessful. In 1857, Regent Erastus Snow was sent to St. Louis to obtain the materials required for printing.

Erastus Snow was an early leader of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. A close associate of Brigham Young, he helped lead Mormon migration to the American West. Snow organized settlements, oversaw missionary work in Europe and the American frontier, and became known for his administrative skill and dedication to expanding Latter-day Saint communities. He remained an influential church leader until his death in 1888.
ALBERT CARRINGTON PAPERS
Albert Carrington
MS 0549
Albert Carrington was a prominent leader of the Mormon pioneers. His papers contain diaries, correspondence, and other documents that recount Carrington's life and dealings. Carrington was a proponent of the Deseret Alphabet and on December 28, 1855, the Board of Regents voted that Carrington be the Chairman of the Board of Regents. It was then decided that Erastus Snow would procure the type for the printing of the Deseret Primers. This document, found in Carrington's papers, serves as evidence that both Albert Carrington and Brigham Young authorized Regent Erastus Snow to procure the type and related printing materials on their behalf.

Albert Carrington taught school and studied law in Pennsylvania, later moving to Wisconsin where he was at the time of his conversion to the LDS Church. Soon after his arrival in 1847, Carrington was elected Salt Lake City clerk, historian, and postmaster. He was chairman of the committee which drafted the constitution for the Provisional State of Deseret and served in the legislature. He helped survey the Great Salt Lake and was editor of the Deseret News.
Unfortunately, Snow's efforts were cut short when he received news of the evolving Utah War. Concerned about the escalating conflict, Snow abandoned his mission and returned home empty-handed. It wasn't until 1859 that the St. Louis firm, "Ladew and Peer" finally provided the necessary punches and matrices, which allowed the pioneers to cast the type themselves. The stage was finally set for the Deseret Alphabet’s broader use. In the years that followed, the script appeared in newspapers, books, and even on coins, reflecting growing curiosity and support.
1860 MORMON GOLD COINS
These 1860 coins were minted from gold newly discoverd in Colorado, with an estimated 785 pieces struck bearing the 1860 date. In June, 1862, The United States Congress passed a law prohibiting the private coinage of gold, bringing a colorful chapter of Mormon currency to an end. The $5.00 coin features the phrase, "Holiness to the Lord" written in Deseret Alphabet.
THE CITY OF SAINTS…
Sir Richard Francis Burton (1821–1890)
London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, 1861
F826 B973
In 1860, famed explorer and writer, Sir Richard Francis Burton, known for translating One Thousand and One Nights, The Perfumed Garden, and the Kama Sutra into English, visited the Utah Territory. During his time in the Great Basin, Burton met Brigham Young and studied the unique cultural practices of Mormonism. His book, City of Saints, includes an example of the Deseret Alphabet chart, as found in the Deseret News.
A JOURNEY TO THE GREAT SALT LAKE
Jules Remy (1826–1893)
London: W. Jeffs, 1861
F826 R392 1861
Co-written by French naturalist, Jules Rémy, and English explorer, Julius Brenchley, A Journey to the Great Salt Lake, or, Voyage au pays des Mormons, was originally published in 1855 and translated to English in 1861. The two-volume travelogue includes a print of the Deseret Alphabet that was likely taken from the 1855 Deseret Almanac, written by Regent W.W. Phelps.

W. W. Phelps was an early leader, writer, and printer in the Latter-day Saint movement who worked closely with Joseph Smith. A skilled publisher, he edited church newspapers, helped produce early hymn texts still used today, and assisted in shaping the movement’s theological and literary voice. Phelps also compiled and published the Deseret Almanac, which promoted civic organization, education, and the practical use of the Deseret Alphabet and other reform initiatives in early Utah society.
PRIMERS FOR THE PIONEERS
While the Latter-day Saints were developing their own orthographic and educational systems in the Utah Territory, educators across the United States were experimenting with new strategies to strengthen English literacy. A key tool in this effort was the primer, a small instructional book designed to teach children foundational reading and language skills. Primers, or readers as they were commonly referred to, often emphasized moral instruction alongside phonetic lessons, memorization exercises, and engaging illustrations.
Popular series such as the McGuffey's New Eclectic Primer and the Franklin First Reader circulated widely and likely accompanied some pioneer families west. Yet, Utah’s geographic and political isolation meant textbooks were often scarce. Robert Lang Campbell, Superintendent of Common Schools, recognized this and pushed for standardized materials. In 1863 his efforts produced The Deseret Primer. Printing soon halted, however, when Brigham Young insisted that schoolbooks be printed only in the Deseret Alphabet, declaring he would not allow his “type, ink, or paper” to print English characters.
THE DESERET PRIMER: CONTAINING LESSONS FOR JUVENILES
Great Salt Lake City: E. Smith, 1863
PE1117 A1 D47
Printed by Elias Smith, a cousin of Joseph Smith, this primer was produced at the request of the Board of Regents to address a shortage of schoolbooks in the territory. In many ways, it mimicked the national primers of the time though, its run was brief.
With the Utah War over, Deseret type in hand, and the need for schoolbooks growing, the next step was clear: It was time to print reading primers in the Deseret Alphabet. The Board of Regents began preparing what would become the Deseret First and Second Readers, but progress stalled when Church leaders, mainly President Young, grew dissatisfied with the moveable type produced by Ladew and Peer in St. Louis. The project, largely, faded into the background until 1867 when the University of Deseret reopened. The following year, Regent David Orson Calder traveled to New York to secure improved type from the Russell Brothers Printing House. The books were printed in New York and sent to Salt Lake City where they arrived in 1868.
JOURNAL OF DISCOURSES
Liverpool: E. D. and S. W. Richards, 1868
BX8639 A1 A5 v.12
The Journal of Discourses is a 26-volume collection of public sermons and speeches delivered by early leaders of the LDS church. This volume, printed in 1869, includes a speech given by Brigham Young at General Conference on October 8th, 1868 in which he announces that the first and second readers have been printed and are on their way to Salt Lake City.
Following the arrival of the readers, implementing the Alphabet in schoolhouses across the territory became a top priority. Brigham Young had encouraged teachers to experiment with the Deseret Alphabet in their classrooms as early as 1854, but teaching the alphabet effectively only became possible once printed readers were available. When the two books arrived in 1868, Young insisted that every child in the territory should have a copy.
THE DESERET FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS
Regents of the Deseret University
Salt Lake City: 1868
PE1152 S35/2
The Deseret First and Second Books were the first publications printed in the Deseret Alphabet. The Deseret First Book contains thirty-six pages while the Deseret Second Book has seventy-two. Ten thousand copies of each were printed, selling at fifteen and twenty cents each, respectively.
The responsibility for distributing the readers fell to the Board of Regents, who worked to organize wide-spread circulation. The Regents reportedly spent several evenings each week studying the alphabet and developing lessons for educators. One of the strongest advocates for the program was Superintendent of Common Schools, Robert Lang Campbell, who promoted the effort in Annual Reports to the legislature between 1868 and 1870.
JOURNALS OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF…UTAH
Utah Territory. Legislative Assembly
These three volumes record the proceedings of the respective seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth legislative assemblies of the Utah Territory in 1868, 1869, and 1870. Each includes an address by Superintendent Robert Lang Campbell, who consistently echoed Brigham Young in promoting the Deseret Alphabet throughout the school system.
By the time Superintendent Campbell gave his last recorded speech on the Deseret Alphabet in front of the Legislative Assembly in 1870, the alphabet was not only being taught to children throughout the territory but also taught in public night classes and at the newly reopened University of Deseret, embedding it, at least briefly, into the educational foundation of the territory.
HOLY SCRIPTURE IN A NEW SCRIPT
Riding the wave of progress that came with the Deseret readers, the Board of Regents and Brigham Young quickly launched new projects. Alongside plans for a University of Deseret Library, many regents began transcribing new works into Deseret characters.
AN AMERICAN DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANUGAGE
Noah Webster (1758-1843)
Springfield, Mass. : G. and C. Merriam, 1859
PE1625 W3 1859
Although his textbooks on the topic of literacy acquisition were widely successful, Noah Webster is best known for An American Dictionary of the English Language, a project that took nearly thirty years to complete. In 1854, the University of Deseret’s Board of Regents selected Webster’s dictionary as the standard for developing the Deseret Alphabet.
Perhaps the most significant transcription effort was the complete Book of Mormon, transcribed almost entirely by Regent Orson Pratt. While individual biblical verses had appeared in the Deseret News, Pratt's Book of Mormon marked the first full religious text prepared in the new alphabet. On March 1, 1869, Pratt reported the finished manuscript and traveled to New York to supervise printing, which was once again done by the Russell Brothers Printing House. The book was issued in two formats. The first, an excerpted edition intended to generate funds for subsequent volumes, while the second was a complete translation.

Orson Pratt was known for his intellectual rigor, missionary service, and theological writings. A close associate of Joseph Smith, Pratt helped spread Mormonism through extensive missionary work in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain. After the Latter-day Saints settled in Utah, Pratt participated in the University of Deseret’s Board of Regents and supported the development and promotion of the Deseret Alphabet.
THE BOOK OF MORMON (PART I)
Joseph Smith (1805-1844)
New York: Published for Deseret University by Russell Bros., 1869
BX8624 1869a
The first portion of the Book of Mormon printed in the Deseret Alphabet. This edition includes "First Nephi", "Second Nephi", "Omni", and "The Words of Mormon." Quarter bound in blue leather with printed blue paper over boards. Part I had a print run of 8000 copies and sold for 75 cents. the equivalent of about eighteen dollars today.
THE BOOK OF MORMON (DESERET)
Joseph Smith (1805-1844)
New York: Published for Deseret University by Russell Bros., 1869
BX8624 1869
Perhaps unsurpisingly, the entire Book of Mormon was printed on higher quality paper and better bound than Part I. Also printed in New York by Russell Brothers, the complete Book of Mormon was printed in a singular run of 500 copies. Each copy sold at two dollars, the equivalent of about forty dollars today.
In the end, these were the only copies of the Book of Mormon that were published. Though there were plans to print the remaining two parts of the divided edition, they never came to fruition.
CAPTURING SOUNDS
Although the Deseret Alphabet was originally designed to simplify English learning for residents of the Utah Territory, Brigham Young also recognized the potential impact it could have beyond his own community. Because the alphabet was phonetic, he believed it could serve as a tool for communicating with people who spoke other languages. This idea gained importance as Latter-day Saint missionary work expanded. Brigham Young wanted his people not only to proselytize to the increasing numbers of immigrants that were arriving in the Salt Lake Valley because of the transcontinental railroad, but also the Indigenous people who had inhabited the land long before Young and his followers arrived in the Great Basin.
FERN SMOOT TAYLOR FAMILY PAPERS, 1854–1901
ACCN 0705
The Fern Smoot Taylor family papers consist of a glossary and account book, by Isaac Bullock, the sixth mayor of Provo City. Bullock wrote a Shoshone vocabulary that includes Deseret Alphabet characters for at least some of the words, a few of which are seen in here.

Isaac Bullock was the first mayor of Provo, Utah. After migrating west with Mormon settlers, he helped establish civic and religious institutions in the developing Utah Territory while serving in multiple community leadership roles. Bullock was also active as a missionary and preached throughout the Great Basin.
Along with Isaac Bullock, Marion Jackson Shelton was another missionary who used the Deseret Alphabet to transcribe Indigenous languages. This missionary work was revisited in 2014 with a publication from the University of Utah Press.
ENGLISH-HOPI VOCABULARY WRITTEN IN…DESERET ALPHABET
Kenneth R. Beesley
New York: Published for Deseret University by Russell Bros., 1869
PM1351.Z5 B44 2015
In 1859, Brigham Young sent missionaries to record the Hopi language using the Deseret Alphabet. A vocabulary compiled by Marion Jackson Shelton was later rediscovered and decoded. This volume reproduces the 486 vocabulary terms that Shelton had compiled alongside modern Hopi and English translations.
Though these efforts never developed into a widespread system, they reflect the project’s broader ambitions. Supporters saw the alphabet not merely as a new way to spell English, but as a practical linguistic tool to advance missionary work and spread the gospel.
